第三章 New.Nations.and.New.Worlds
人人影视
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1912年,维也纳
Vienna, 1912.
奥匈帝国的迷梦逐渐瓦解
The certainties of Empire were falling away
残酷战争的阴霾日益迫近
and cataclysmic wars were looming.
20世纪这一百年间
Through the course of the 20th century
世界变化的速度超乎历史上的任何时代
the world would change faster than ever before.
世事变幻 自然也触动了作曲家的心弦
And composers responded to those changes, too.
交响乐成为了联结各大洲的纽带
The symphony now connected continents,
吸引了大批听众
reached vast new audiences
但也不可避免地被推向了时代的风口浪尖
and inevitably ended up in the front line.
《第九交响曲》是马勒的最后一部交响曲
Mahler's 9th Symphony, his last,
于1912年在维也纳首次公演
was given its first performance here in Vienna in 1912,
此时马勒已去世一年有余
a year after the composer's death.
这部交响曲具有激进而新颖的音乐视角
In part, a radical new musical vision,
却又极富对过往的缅怀与渴望
in part, a nostalgic yearning for the past.
乐曲的最后几小节余音渐弱 归于平静
The last bars of the piece fade away gently into silence.
如贝多芬《第九交响曲》那般狂欢与神圣的
The time for the triumphant apotheosis at the end of symphony,
乐曲结尾已悄然消失
as in Beethoven's 9th, was over.
但何时又将卷土重来呢
But for how long?
进入20世纪后的第一个十年
In the first decades of the 20th century,
俄国的局势动荡不安
Russia was in turmoil.
在圣彼得堡 即当时的彼得格勒
Here in St Petersburg, then called Petrograd,
革命者推翻了沙皇的统治
revolutionaries deposed the Tsar
满怀希望 想创造一个崭新的世界
with the hope of creating a new world.
作曲家迪米特里·肖斯塔科维奇说过
The composer Dmitri Shostakovich claimed that
as a boy he was here at the Finland railway station
曾在芬兰火车站见到列宁回俄国来领导革命
when Lenin returned to Russia in 1917 to lead the revolution.
肖斯塔科维奇记得自己曾走上聂夫斯基大道
Shostakovich remembered walking on Nevsky Prospekt
为在革命中牺牲的烈士送葬
in a funeral procession for victims of the revolution
他还为这些烈士谱写了一部葬礼进行曲
and he composed a funeral march for them.
他是位音乐神童
He was a musical prodigy,
1919年 年仅13岁的他
enrolling at the music conservatoire
便进入了音乐专科学院学习
aged only 13 in 1919.
他的《第一交响曲》就是他的毕业习作
His 1st Symphony was his graduation piece
也是苏维埃政权下诞生的第一部音乐杰作
and the first significant music of the Soviet regime.
我在圣彼得堡的肖斯塔科维奇故居
At Shostakovich's old apartment in St Petersburg,
见到了欧佳·迪贡斯卡娅
I met Olga Digonskaya,
她负责管理肖斯塔科维奇的作品资料库
who looks after the archive of his music.
肖斯塔科维奇16岁时 他的父亲故去了
When Shostakovich was 16 his father died,
为了养家糊口
and to earn money for the family
他便开始为无声电影演奏背景音乐
he started playing the piano for silent movies
他的工作地点就在离家不远的
at this cinema just around the corner
这家电影院
from the Shostakovich apartment.
盖瑞斯 起头悠扬一点 轻柔一点
Gareth, try a little softer at the beginning, sweeter,
随后我引入第二小节
and then as we go, I broaden out in the second bar for you,
你再把音量加大
so you fill out the sound.
马克·埃尔德正在指导BBC交响乐团
Mark Elder is working with the BBC Symphony Orchestra
如何将该曲中对比强烈的感觉表现出来
on the highly contrasted music of this symphony.
好吗 再来一次
OK? Let's have another go.
大家听好 只演奏四小节就好
Just play four, everybody.
在我看来 《第一交响曲》
This first symphony seems to me
就像是无声电影的背景音乐
to be the soundtrack for a silent movie.
电影具体的故事情节无人知晓
I don't know what the story is,
但他的乐曲却令交响乐团化作了众位演员
but he uses the orchestra as a cast of characters.
这部作品很诙谐 他很擅长使用黑色幽默
It's very funny. He had such a wicked sense of humour,
但斯大林日后对他的迫害
something, of course, Stalin knocked out of him completely
却令他的幽默感完全泯灭
later on in his life.
再来一次 二 三 四 一
Just once again. Two, three, four, one.
他深受其他艺术形式的影响
And a man so influenced by the other art forms,
比如戏剧和电影
in the theatre and in cinema.
这些都在他的《第一交响曲》中有所体现
And all that comes together in this first symphony.
革命年代初期
In these early years of the revolution,
艺术是宣传革命精神的必要手段
art was integral to the message.
鼓动性极强的海报遍布各个村庄
Agit
而在彼得格勒
And in Petrograd,
音乐厅 歌厅以及电影院中的观众
the concert halls, music halls and cinemas
则是刚刚当家做主的无产阶级
played to a new proletarian audience.
如今的人们可能早已忘却
I think it's easy to forget now
先锋派艺术在20世纪20年代席卷了全球
that the avant
苏联自然也不例外
that also reached the Soviet Union.
莫斯科和圣彼得堡的剧院内
People in the theatre were still doing radical things
艺术家们仍在大胆地进行尝试
in Moscow and St Petersburg.
人们通常会认为
There was also a feeling
20世纪20年代是一段特殊的时期
that the 1920s were the beginning and the end of an era,
而这个时代的上空
so there was this kind of dark cloud
总是乌云密布
hanging over the era as well.
肖斯塔科维奇的《第一交响曲》
So you have in Shostakovich's 1st Symphony
便是以上时代元素的集大成者
both of these things together.
20世纪20年代 苏联的艺术家
Artists in Russia during the 1920s
进行了一系列大胆激进而富有新意的创作
were experimenting with the radical and the innovative.
然而好景不长
But it wasn't to last.
1932年 在斯大林的统治下
Under Stalin, Socialist Realism
社会主义现实主义成为了苏联的国策
became state policy in 1932,
政府要求作曲家的作品为社会服务
and composers were expected to serve society
并极尽正面地反映周遭的生活场景
and reflect the life around them in the most optimistic light.
这一要求
It was a requirement
让肖斯塔科维奇惹上了不少麻烦
that was to cause Shostakovich problems on several occasions.
《第一交响曲》的第四乐章
In the fourth movement,
向世人展示了19岁的肖斯塔科维奇
Shostakovich shows himself to be the master of,
对恐惧的描画已达炉火纯青的程度
already at the age of 19, 'the portrayal of terror'.
他有一项冠绝20世纪所有作曲家的能力
More than any other 20th
即他可以在音乐中
he is able to put into sound
融入人们从噩梦中惊醒后
the feelings that we all have after a nightmare,
以及被突发状况惊吓之后的感受
after being frightened by some unexpected event in our lives.
必须承认
And let's face it,
苏联人民确实生活在恐惧的阴影之中
the Soviets knew a lot about living under terror.
尽管只是19岁少年的毕业习作
Although it was a 19
肖斯塔科维奇的《第一交响曲》却广受赞誉
Shostakovich's First Symphony was a huge success.
仅仅一年之内便在柏林 维也纳
Within a year it was performed in Berlin, Vienna,
费城和布宜诺斯艾利斯举行了公演
Philadelphia and Buenos Aires.
乐曲首演时的指挥是尼古拉·马尔科
Nikolai Malko, who conducted the premiere,
他在日记中写道
wrote in his diary,
交响乐的历史似乎因为这部交响曲
I feel as if we have started a new page
而翻开了崭新的一页
In the history of symphonic music.
正当肖斯塔科维奇在共产主义苏联
Whilst Shostakovich was quickly picked up
声名鹊起 成为著名音乐家之时
as the musical face of Communist Russia,
身处资本主义美国的查尔斯·艾夫斯
Charles Ives, a composer in capitalist America,
远远地超越了时代
was so ahead of his time,
因此 他的音乐至今仍十分小众
his music still isn't well
艾夫斯生于新英格兰
Born in New England,
他将经常回荡于耳边的
Ives drew on the folk, popular
民谣 通俗音乐 宗教音乐
and church music he heard around him,
以崭新的形式重新整合
putting them together in a new way
创作出诸如《假日交响曲》之类的作品
in pieces like his Holiday Symphony.
这座房子位于康涅狄格州的丹伯里市
This is the house in Danbury, Connecticut,
查尔斯·艾夫斯于1874年在此出生
where Charles Ives was born in 1874.
艾夫斯是作曲家中的另类
Ives is one of history's more eccentric composers.
他是纯粹的美国本土音乐家
A true American original.
年少时的肖斯塔科维奇
While Shostakovich, as a boy,
曾为革命中丧生的人们创作了葬礼进行曲
composed a funeral elegy for victims of the revolution,
艾夫斯的哀乐却是为他的宠物猫所作
Ives composed a funeral elegy for his pet cat,
这首哀乐大受褒赞
and after popular acclamation,
于是他又为邻居家死去的宠物创作了哀乐
wrote other elegies for his neighbours' animals.
查尔斯·艾夫斯就是在这张床上出生的
This is the bed where Charles Ives was born
那天是1874年10月20日
October 20th, 1874.
那把摇椅应该是流传下来的真品
That rocking chair I know is original.
这个物件很特别
And this is very special.
小艾夫斯就曾睡在这个摇篮之内
This is the cradle, and he was laid in that cradle.
我们喜爱的查尔斯·艾夫斯的人生
And that was the beginning of the Charles Ives
就是从这里开始的
that we all know and many of us love.
查尔斯·艾夫斯接受了非常系统的音乐教育
Charles Ives received an impeccable musical education.
他的父亲 乔治·艾夫斯
His father, George Ives,
是一名音乐教师 兼任乐队指挥
was a music teacher and band leader.
乔治·艾夫斯的乐队经常为游行队伍
George Ives' band would play for marches
节日庆祝以及追悼会提供演奏服务
and for holidays, memorial services.
他的乐队被认作丹伯里最好的铜管乐队
He was considered Danbury's brass band.
这是艾夫斯故居的客厅
We're sitting in the parlour
窗外就是这个城市的主干道
and surrounding us is Main Street.
查尔斯·艾夫斯的父亲乔治
And Charles Ives' father, George,
曾是内战中北方联邦军内
who had been the youngest band director
最年轻的乐团指挥
in the Union Army in the Civil War,
那时他经常召集在社区乐团中演奏的
he used to rehearse the kids and the adults
孩子与成人进行排练
who played in these community bands,
在小山丘来来回回 上上下下地行进
and they would march back and forth up and down the hill.
这条大街上的发生的一切 事无巨细
And Charles Ives absolutely absorbed everything
都对查尔斯·艾夫斯产生了深远影响
that happened on Main Street.
今晚我们演奏的曲目叫作《假日快步舞曲》
The piece we're playing tonight is called Holiday Quickstep,
这是查尔斯·艾夫斯的早期作品之一
one of the very first things that Charles Ives wrote.
他创作这首乐曲时 年仅17岁
He was 17 years
这么年轻就写出如此高水平的作品实属不易
It's quite well constructed for somebody that young.
这部乐曲还是相当优秀的
It's a nice piece of music.
直到35岁左右
Charles Ives was in his mid
艾夫斯才创作了他的《第二交响曲》
when he composed his Second Symphony,
而之后的十年中
a decade before
他完成了更具激情的《假日交响曲》
his more radical Holiday Symphony.
《第二交响曲》完成于1909年
Completed in 1909,
但直至1951年才进行了首演
it didn't get its first performance until 1951,
由伦纳德·伯恩斯坦指挥
with Leonard Bernstein conducting.
他很有远见
He was an incredible visionary.
他不断尝试 找寻具有美国特色的美感
He wanted to try and find a sort of American beauty,
希望能找到一种
one that would represent to him
能够代表他的祖国和人民的风格
the voice of his people and his land.
他想创作一部欧洲式的交响曲
He wanted to write a European symphony
其中各个乐章的规模 比例及色彩
with the movements corresponding roughly
都大致仿照欧洲典型的交响曲
to the scale and proportions and colours of a European model,
但其中的素材 却全是美国式的旋律
but he wanted all the material to be American tunes...
他想向世人证明 美国在这方面也能有所成就
To prove that America could hold its head high
且创作出的作品能与贝多芬 勃拉姆斯
and do something that was worthy of Beethoven and Brahms
以及其他交响乐前辈们相媲美
and all the others that had come before.
他在创作生涯初期模仿了欧洲式交响乐
Although he took the European symphony as his starting point,
但艾夫斯绝非完全被动地
Ives certainly wasn't slavish
膜拜与套用欧洲的传统
in his admiration for that tradition.
他曾说 在堪萨斯州的麦田中度过一天
You can learn more from a day in a Kansas wheat field,
胜过在欧洲待上三年
he once said, Than three years in Europe.
而当他的父亲告诉他
And when told by his father
交响曲的起止音符往往一致时
that a symphony generally finished in the same key it started in,
他答道 这简直愚蠢至极
he replied that was just as silly
就跟人必须死在自己出生的那栋房子里一样蠢
as having to die in the same house you were born in.
他不想依靠音乐谋生
He didn't want to make his living with music because
因为如果他需要用音乐挣钱
if he had to make a living in music,
作品就必须能卖出去
he had to be able to sell what he wrote.
而他并无意用自己的创作迎合你我
And he had no intention of having to write to cater to your taste
或任何其他人的品味
or to my taste or anybody's taste.
对他而言 更重要的是
It was more important to him
创作出有朝一日或许会受欢迎的音乐
to write music that maybe people would like someday.
没错 人人都想受欢迎
Sure, everybody likes to be liked.
但他并不十分在意
But he didn't really care.
所以他做了什么呢 他去卖保险了
So what did he do instead? He went and he sold insurance.
事实上 他靠着卖保险成为百万富翁
As a matter of fact, he became a millionaire selling insurance,
从而彻底无需为推销自己的音乐担心
and in doing that, he didn't have to worry about selling his music.
艾夫斯的试验主义有很大一部分源自其父
Much of Ives' experimentalism came directly from his father,
他训练艾夫斯时 会同时用两个不同的曲调
who, amongst other things, got him to sing and play the piano
唱歌和弹钢琴
in two different keys at the same time.
他父亲的另一项试验
One of his father's experiments
也令查尔斯·艾夫斯兴趣十足
that I know Charles Ives was really interested in,
这是有文件可考的
because it's well documented.
他父亲安排一支乐队
His dad had one band
从圣彼得教堂出发 沿着主干道演奏
march out of St Peter Church on Main Street.
另一支乐队则从里奇菲尔德出发
And then he had another band coming from Richfield
两支乐队相向而行
and they were marching the opposite direction
演奏两首不同的乐曲
playing two different pieces of music.
在查尔斯·艾夫斯的作品中
And the effect of the two different pieces of music,
两首不同乐曲同时演奏的影响处处可见
you can hear it in almost everything Charles Ives later wrote.
至少在美国 他是第一个
He was the first person, certainly in America,
写出在同一时刻出现两支曲调的人
to write two different things going on at the same time.
我发现 有一两部他的作品
One or two of his pieces, I find,
在两位指挥同时工作的时候效果最好
work best when you have two conductors
你必须告诉乐队的一部分
and you say to part of the orchestra,
别看我 看另外那个人
Don't follow me, follow the other guy.
然后你们试着在中点会和
And you somehow try and meet in the middle.
受他让音乐事件重叠
Because he had this idea of overlapping musical events
最终合为一体的思路影响
then finally coming together.
他最喜欢的一些进行曲 流行歌曲
some of his favourite march tunes, popular songs
以及他最喜欢的
and above all, one of his favourites,
《哥伦比亚海洋之珍》
Columbia Gem Of The Ocean.
这首曲子在交响曲末尾
which comes at the end of the symphony
在所有长号齐奏下 磅礴而出
roaring out on all the trombones.
他需要把所有这些引向尾声
So he needs to bring all this to a finale
到高潮处 乐队的不同部分同时演奏
and there's this great moment when three or four tunes are played
三种或四种曲调
by different parts of the orchestra all at the same time.
而所有这些都止于一声轻叹
The farewell gesture is a raspberry.
此处的精髓是
Now the thing about this is
他只写了短短的一个音符 啪
that he wrote a short note Bah
这不和谐的响动就如同一记清脆的耳光
as if it was a slap across the face, with this strange dissonant chord.
在聆听了兰尼·伯恩斯坦
And then I listened to Lennie Bernstein's performance
精彩而富有启发的演出后
which is so wonderful and so inspiring
我被彻底折服了 他将尾音延长
and blow me down, he extended it.
不再是啪 而是啪啦啦
It was like a Bluurgh rather than a Bah
我觉得效果再好不过了
and I think it works best that way.
太棒了
That's great!
回到欧洲 奥匈帝国在一战后走向灭亡
Back in Europe, the Austro-Hungarian empire had imploded in the First World War
维也纳不再是昔日的音乐之都
and Vienna was no longer the musical centre it had been.
交响乐被新的国家继承
The symphony had been taken up by new national voices.
在英国
In Britain,
这片曾被德国人称作音乐荒漠的土地上
the Land without music as the Germans dubbed it,
音乐界在爱德华·埃尔加的作品中迎来新生
the musical world received a new lease of life through the work of Edward Elgar,
他的《第一交响曲》广受欢迎
whose First Symphony was extremely well received,
即使在德国也是如此
even in Germany.
一批新的作曲家如雨后春笋般涌现
A new generation of composers sprang up,
其中就有拉尔夫·沃恩·威廉斯
among them Ralph Vaughan Williams,
他曾就读于我身后的皇家音乐学院
who studied here at the Royal College of Music.
他迫切希望创造出一种国家风格
He felt strongly the need to create a National style,
无论这意味着什么
whatever that might mean.
我们这些英国作曲家
We English composers,
他说 总是在说
he said, Are always saying,
听听瓦格纳 勃拉姆斯
here are Wagner and Brahms,
格里格和柴可夫斯基的作品
And Grieg and Tchaikovsky,
他们多么伟大
what fine fellows they are.
我们也应该回家写几部这样的作品
Let us try and do something like this at home.
他们总是忘记 一旦离开故土
Always forgetting that it will not sound at all
这些音乐就将面目全非
like this when transplanted from its native soil.
当然 他对民谣非常感兴趣
He was passionately interested in folk song, of course,
这个特点贯穿他的音乐
and this permeates his music.
当然 这也为他的一些作品
Although it also, of course,
例如《田园交响曲》 招来地方主义的骂名
led to accusations of parochialism in some of his pieces like the Pastoral Symphony.
很多人都瞧不起20世纪上半叶的一批
Many people dismiss a lot of the romantic English music
英国浪漫主义音乐作品
written in the first half of the 20th century
认为那些都是放牛小调
with the unfortunate label of Cow
我们并不是很理解
we didn't quite understand?'
他会说 去听吧 你会明白的
He would say, Oh, just listen, you'll hear it,
或者 对于能听懂的人再明白不过了
or For those who can hear, I think it's clear.
不管肖斯塔科维奇用意如何
Whatever Shostakovich's intention,
《列宁格勒交响曲》都是令人震撼的
the Leningrad Symphony had an astonishing impact,
不仅仅在俄罗斯
and not just in Russia.
战事越发惨烈
As war raged on,
苏联人把乐谱拍摄在微缩胶片上
the Soviets microfilmed the score
途经德黑兰 然后用美国军舰
and sent it via Tehran and an American naval ship
送往盟友美国
to the US, their ally.
由托斯卡尼尼在纽约无线电城音乐厅指挥
It was conducted by Toscanini at Radio City in New York,
是1942年在美国六十场演出中的首演
the first of 60 performances in America in 1942.
这正是同盟国想要的公开表态
It was just the sort of public gesture the allies wanted.
这是为加利福尼亚州
This is a presentation for
沙漠空军基地的将士们进行的表演
soldiers at a desert airbase in California.
有请贵宾艾薇· 李维诺夫夫人
苏联驻美大使的夫人
我明白你们对我如此热情
I understand that you give me this wonderful welcome
是因为你们要向苏联红军中
because you greet the brave and gallant men and women
英勇的人民致敬
and soldiers of the Red Army in the Soviet Union.
下面有请艾德华·G·罗宾逊
'Also on hand is Edward G Robinson.'
这部作品是一名士兵写的
Now this music was written by a soldier,
一名苏联士兵
a Russian soldier,
他参加过列宁格勒保卫战
one who fought the Siege of Leningrad.
现在他仍在战斗中
And Dmitri Shostakovich is still in it.
这是每年在圣彼得堡涅夫斯基大街
This is the annual veterans parade
举行的老兵游行
along Nevsky Prospekt in St Petersburg,
人们在这里一起纪念并庆祝
when people gather to remember and celebrate
在二战中阵亡士兵的
the heroism and sacrifice
英雄主义和牺牲精神
of those who died in the Second World War.
肖斯塔科维奇在其《列宁格勒交响曲》
Shostakovich's Leningrad Symphony ended, of course,
辉煌的末乐章中
with a triumphant finale
描绘了俄国人民在伟大的卫国战争中
depicting the victory of the people of Russia
所取得的胜利
in the great patriotic war.
我从未像现在这样
As at no time before,
意识到我的作品对于公众的意义
I realised the public significance of my work,
肖斯塔科维奇写道
wrote Shostakovich,
我的努力也没有白费
And my work was not in vain.
音乐为正义贡献了力量
The music helped the struggle for justice.
列宁格勒
Leningrad!
美国著名作曲家阿隆·科普兰
In the US, America's leading composer, Aaron Copland,
被《列宁格勒交响曲》的魅力所吸引
had been impressed by the mass appeal of the Leningrad Symphony,
自己也创作了一部 来庆祝盟军的胜利
and wrote a symphony of his own to celebrate the Allied victory.
《普通人的号角华彩》改编后用于
Copland's Third Symphony incorporates
科普兰《第三交响曲》的末乐章
his Fanfare For The Common Man
他受邀创作这部作品时
which had been commissioned
美国刚刚卷入这场战争
when America first became involved in the war.
这是《普通人的号角华彩》总谱的第一页
Here is the first page of Copland's Fanfare For The Common Man.
即使你不懂音乐 也看得出
Even if you can't read music you see
整页并没有太多音符
there aren't very many notes on the page at all.
而吸引我的地方正是这种对比
And the thing that I love about it is this real juxtaposition,
虽然音符不多
kind of magic, between the austerity on the one hand
但音乐却如施了魔法般宏伟壮观
and the magnificence of the music.
为什么起《普通人的号角华彩》这个名字
Why the title? Why Fanfare For The Common Man?
《普通人的号角华彩》
充分反映了他的平等主义思想
他深知正是那些普通的士兵
将去承载战争所赋予的责任
这是科普兰1960年
This is the house outside New York
在纽约郊外买的住所
that Copland bought in 1960
在这里他度过了人生中最后三十年
and where he spent the last 30 years of his life.
他是个很俭朴的人
He was a man who lived very frugally
一生大部分的时间
and he spent much of his life
都是在纽约市里搬来搬去
moving from apartment to apartment back in the big city.
但他也喜爱这里的安宁
But he was also someone who appreciated the serenity,
与世隔绝以及和大自然的亲密接触
isolation and closeness to nature that he found here.
这套房子很舒适
As comfortable as this house is,
却朴素平凡
it's very unassuming and unpretentious.
它完全不会惹人注意
It's completely unostentatious.
包含了现代主义元素
It has certain modernist touches,
朴素 简洁 实用
kind of frugal, simple, practical.
他的办公桌居于一边
We have his work desk off to the side which is just
桌子是当地农民用谷仓木做成的
wide plank barn wood made by a local farmer.
那就是科普兰工作的地方
And that's where Copland worked.
他一向追求简洁与实用
He was looking for simplicity and practicality
我想这就是他要的
and I think this was it.
科普兰《第三交响曲》成为
Copland's Third Symphony has become
在美国演出最多的交响作品
the most performed of all American symphonies.
可能因为它与《阿巴拉契亚的春天》和
Perhaps because, like his ballets Appalachian Spring
《牧区竞技》一样
and Rodeo,
都富有浓厚的美国风情
it has a distinctly American sound.
这是科普兰发自内心想要的东西
20世纪20年代中期
他意识到美国音乐
when he felt that there was no such thing
并没有自己鲜明的风格
as a recognisably American musical idiom.
他的音乐思维是开放而犀利的
There is something very open and spare about his textures.
他谱写的和弦有一种气势
His chords seem to have a lot of air in them
能表现出
which does convey
美国的幅源辽阔
something of the size and scope of the country.
我常常认为末乐章
I often feel that last movement
不仅是形容大地的
is really about not just the landscape,
而是更强调大地上的建设
but what you build on the landscape.
就像是建设一座前沿都市
It's like building a frontier town.
就如同《西部往事》一样
Like Once Upon A Time In The West.
你在大地上创造的东西才是最重要的
It's what you build on the landscape that matters.
这也是关乎民主的
And it's also about democracy,
德沃夏克很早就提出
it's the old Dvorak idea
要把交响乐大众化
of bringing the symphony to the common man.
把如此粗犷的《普通人的号角华彩》
So it's not for nothing that this Fanfare,
融入末乐章
which has this ruggedness about it,
不是没有意义的
should be built into the last movement.
他用艺术表现平等主义思想
He translated this notion of egalitarianism into his art
一方面用大众化的音乐
by consciously trying to reach a wider audience
吸收更广泛的观众
with works that might be more popular on the one hand,
使其易于接受
more accessible on the one hand,
另一方面
but on the other would still allow him
又使其不失艺术性
to do the kinds of things he wanted to do artistically.
这是在圣彼得堡胜利广场前
This is the monument to the Defenders of Leningrad
为列宁格勒保卫战士兵立的纪念碑
in Victory Square in St Petersburg.
当然 在苏联
Of course, it was in Soviet Russia
交响乐的一大重要职责 便是用来宣扬胜利
that a big victory symphony was expected, indeed required.
人们翘首以待肖斯塔科维奇的
Many people awaited Shostakovich's
《第九交响曲》
Ninth Symphony with eager anticipation
在他们的脑海中 贝多芬《第九交响曲》
and with the fearsome precedent of Beethoven's 9th
是无法超越的
in their minds
他们一定在期待
they must have been looking for something
另一部旷世之作
equally ground-breaking and heroic.
但肖斯塔科维奇《第九交响曲》
But Shostakovich's Ninth Symphony
完全不是官方想要的那种作品
wasn't what the authorities wanted at all.
我想这也是肖斯塔科维奇性格中的一部分
It was part of Shostakovich's personality, I get the feeling,
他觉得自己在人们面前是个小丑
that he was a clown for his people.
或者认为是自己为人们打开了真理大门
Or that he was the person who could open up truths
就像《李尔王》中的愚人
like the fool in King Lear.
他觉得自己
That he saw himself in a way,
一边哭泣 一边说笑
crying and joking at the same time.
巴松管比其它乐器
Now the bassoon is the instrument, better than any other,
更能表现这种讽刺与悲怅
that can express satire and pathos.
这是任何一种管乐器都无法比拟的
No other wind instrument particularly has the ability to change so quickly.
我无法断定这代表什么
可我知道这是哀嚎 是痛哭
当一切言语皆已耗尽
And when this has been exhausted and said,
乐声中止了一段时间
there is a moment of suspension
随后突然间进入末乐章
and we suddenly start the last movement.
这是完全不同的意境
It's in a completely different mood,
完全不同的速度
in a completely different tempo,
好像在说
as if to say,
我只是在开玩笑 事实上一切都好
I was only joking. Actually, everything's fine!
巴松管讽刺的小调
And the sardonic, ironic character of the bassoon little tune,
感觉十分轻佻
which seems so trivial and
好像让我们忘却之前的悲怅
so like trying to banish all the tragedy that we've just shared,
这手法太棒了
is very remarkable.
显然 这与贝多芬《第九交响曲》
And of course it's nothing like
末乐章的宏伟壮观完全不同
the spectacular, grandiose finale of Beethoven's Ninth.
他作出了伟大的尝试 即回归海顿的风格
He did something quite different which was to really go back to Haydn.
表面上看起来轻松愉悦
He wanted to write something that is seemingly light-hearted,
实际上却是非常悲伤的
but really very tragic underneath.
那他想向观众和官方传达什么呢
And what was he trying to say both to his audience and the authorities?
我想从某种意义上讲
I think it's in a way a goodbye
他是在告别德国伟大的交响乐传统
to the great musical symphonic tradition in Germany
那个时代已经终结了
and the feeling that this has now come to an end.
二战结束后
At the end of the Second World War,
德国 曾经的交响乐圣地
Germany, the country which had seen itself as the guardian of the symphonic tradition,
现在却一片废墟
was in ruins.
而肖斯塔科维奇
And here was Shostakovich
正以讽刺的眼光同它告别
looking back at it in a sardonic farewell.
这场战争似乎是最后一个
Certainly the war is virtually the last event
需要用交响乐去演绎的事件
that seems to have demanded a symphonic response.
就在这里 古老的维也纳城
It was here, in the heart of the old imperial city of Vienna,
诞生了辉煌的交响乐
that the notion of a cycle of symphonies,
《第九交响曲》便是典范之作
often ending with that fateful number 9, was born.
但二战之后的维也纳 像柏林一样
But after the Second World War, Vienna, like Berlin,
被划分成四个军事占领区
was divided into four zones of military occupation.
这是位于苏联红军占领区的纪念碑
This is the memorial in the city to the Red Army
这也可能预示着
and this perhaps foreshadows
之后音乐的民主化
the subsequent democratisation of music
及其多元化的发展趋势
and its diversification into many new forms.
在过去的250年
Over 250 years,
我们见证了这段非凡的旅程
we've made an incredible journey,
从宫廷中的一小部分乐师
from small groups of musicians in the palaces of princes
到如今声势浩大的交响乐团
to orchestras more than 100 strong,
作品既有表达个人情感的 也有公共宣言
through works that are both personal and public.
交响乐对于音乐的意义就像
And the symphony has become to music
莎士比亚对于文学的意义
what Shakespeare is to literature,
是一种文化的丰碑
a cultural monument
在新的观念中不断前进
that is continually redeveloped through new interpretations.
时至今日 它仍能使我感到愉悦
It still has the power to enchant,
挑战 和感动
challenge, move me,
在二十一世纪
and, in the 21st century,
它将会影响更广阔的观众
a larger and wider audience than ever before.
想要进一步了解交响乐
To go deeper into the music
并解开其中的奥秘
and unravel the secrets of the symphony,
YYeTs.com
1912年,维也纳
Vienna, 1912.
奥匈帝国的迷梦逐渐瓦解
The certainties of Empire were falling away
残酷战争的阴霾日益迫近
and cataclysmic wars were looming.
20世纪这一百年间
Through the course of the 20th century
世界变化的速度超乎历史上的任何时代
the world would change faster than ever before.
世事变幻 自然也触动了作曲家的心弦
And composers responded to those changes, too.
交响乐成为了联结各大洲的纽带
The symphony now connected continents,
吸引了大批听众
reached vast new audiences
但也不可避免地被推向了时代的风口浪尖
and inevitably ended up in the front line.
《第九交响曲》是马勒的最后一部交响曲
Mahler's 9th Symphony, his last,
于1912年在维也纳首次公演
was given its first performance here in Vienna in 1912,
此时马勒已去世一年有余
a year after the composer's death.
这部交响曲具有激进而新颖的音乐视角
In part, a radical new musical vision,
却又极富对过往的缅怀与渴望
in part, a nostalgic yearning for the past.
乐曲的最后几小节余音渐弱 归于平静
The last bars of the piece fade away gently into silence.
如贝多芬《第九交响曲》那般狂欢与神圣的
The time for the triumphant apotheosis at the end of symphony,
乐曲结尾已悄然消失
as in Beethoven's 9th, was over.
但何时又将卷土重来呢
But for how long?
进入20世纪后的第一个十年
In the first decades of the 20th century,
俄国的局势动荡不安
Russia was in turmoil.
在圣彼得堡 即当时的彼得格勒
Here in St Petersburg, then called Petrograd,
革命者推翻了沙皇的统治
revolutionaries deposed the Tsar
满怀希望 想创造一个崭新的世界
with the hope of creating a new world.
作曲家迪米特里·肖斯塔科维奇说过
The composer Dmitri Shostakovich claimed that
as a boy he was here at the Finland railway station
曾在芬兰火车站见到列宁回俄国来领导革命
when Lenin returned to Russia in 1917 to lead the revolution.
肖斯塔科维奇记得自己曾走上聂夫斯基大道
Shostakovich remembered walking on Nevsky Prospekt
为在革命中牺牲的烈士送葬
in a funeral procession for victims of the revolution
他还为这些烈士谱写了一部葬礼进行曲
and he composed a funeral march for them.
他是位音乐神童
He was a musical prodigy,
1919年 年仅13岁的他
enrolling at the music conservatoire
便进入了音乐专科学院学习
aged only 13 in 1919.
他的《第一交响曲》就是他的毕业习作
His 1st Symphony was his graduation piece
也是苏维埃政权下诞生的第一部音乐杰作
and the first significant music of the Soviet regime.
我在圣彼得堡的肖斯塔科维奇故居
At Shostakovich's old apartment in St Petersburg,
见到了欧佳·迪贡斯卡娅
I met Olga Digonskaya,
她负责管理肖斯塔科维奇的作品资料库
who looks after the archive of his music.
肖斯塔科维奇16岁时 他的父亲故去了
When Shostakovich was 16 his father died,
为了养家糊口
and to earn money for the family
他便开始为无声电影演奏背景音乐
he started playing the piano for silent movies
他的工作地点就在离家不远的
at this cinema just around the corner
这家电影院
from the Shostakovich apartment.
盖瑞斯 起头悠扬一点 轻柔一点
Gareth, try a little softer at the beginning, sweeter,
随后我引入第二小节
and then as we go, I broaden out in the second bar for you,
你再把音量加大
so you fill out the sound.
马克·埃尔德正在指导BBC交响乐团
Mark Elder is working with the BBC Symphony Orchestra
如何将该曲中对比强烈的感觉表现出来
on the highly contrasted music of this symphony.
好吗 再来一次
OK? Let's have another go.
大家听好 只演奏四小节就好
Just play four, everybody.
在我看来 《第一交响曲》
This first symphony seems to me
就像是无声电影的背景音乐
to be the soundtrack for a silent movie.
电影具体的故事情节无人知晓
I don't know what the story is,
但他的乐曲却令交响乐团化作了众位演员
but he uses the orchestra as a cast of characters.
这部作品很诙谐 他很擅长使用黑色幽默
It's very funny. He had such a wicked sense of humour,
但斯大林日后对他的迫害
something, of course, Stalin knocked out of him completely
却令他的幽默感完全泯灭
later on in his life.
再来一次 二 三 四 一
Just once again. Two, three, four, one.
他深受其他艺术形式的影响
And a man so influenced by the other art forms,
比如戏剧和电影
in the theatre and in cinema.
这些都在他的《第一交响曲》中有所体现
And all that comes together in this first symphony.
革命年代初期
In these early years of the revolution,
艺术是宣传革命精神的必要手段
art was integral to the message.
鼓动性极强的海报遍布各个村庄
Agit
而在彼得格勒
And in Petrograd,
音乐厅 歌厅以及电影院中的观众
the concert halls, music halls and cinemas
则是刚刚当家做主的无产阶级
played to a new proletarian audience.
如今的人们可能早已忘却
I think it's easy to forget now
先锋派艺术在20世纪20年代席卷了全球
that the avant
苏联自然也不例外
that also reached the Soviet Union.
莫斯科和圣彼得堡的剧院内
People in the theatre were still doing radical things
艺术家们仍在大胆地进行尝试
in Moscow and St Petersburg.
人们通常会认为
There was also a feeling
20世纪20年代是一段特殊的时期
that the 1920s were the beginning and the end of an era,
而这个时代的上空
so there was this kind of dark cloud
总是乌云密布
hanging over the era as well.
肖斯塔科维奇的《第一交响曲》
So you have in Shostakovich's 1st Symphony
便是以上时代元素的集大成者
both of these things together.
20世纪20年代 苏联的艺术家
Artists in Russia during the 1920s
进行了一系列大胆激进而富有新意的创作
were experimenting with the radical and the innovative.
然而好景不长
But it wasn't to last.
1932年 在斯大林的统治下
Under Stalin, Socialist Realism
社会主义现实主义成为了苏联的国策
became state policy in 1932,
政府要求作曲家的作品为社会服务
and composers were expected to serve society
并极尽正面地反映周遭的生活场景
and reflect the life around them in the most optimistic light.
这一要求
It was a requirement
让肖斯塔科维奇惹上了不少麻烦
that was to cause Shostakovich problems on several occasions.
《第一交响曲》的第四乐章
In the fourth movement,
向世人展示了19岁的肖斯塔科维奇
Shostakovich shows himself to be the master of,
对恐惧的描画已达炉火纯青的程度
already at the age of 19, 'the portrayal of terror'.
他有一项冠绝20世纪所有作曲家的能力
More than any other 20th
即他可以在音乐中
he is able to put into sound
融入人们从噩梦中惊醒后
the feelings that we all have after a nightmare,
以及被突发状况惊吓之后的感受
after being frightened by some unexpected event in our lives.
必须承认
And let's face it,
苏联人民确实生活在恐惧的阴影之中
the Soviets knew a lot about living under terror.
尽管只是19岁少年的毕业习作
Although it was a 19
肖斯塔科维奇的《第一交响曲》却广受赞誉
Shostakovich's First Symphony was a huge success.
仅仅一年之内便在柏林 维也纳
Within a year it was performed in Berlin, Vienna,
费城和布宜诺斯艾利斯举行了公演
Philadelphia and Buenos Aires.
乐曲首演时的指挥是尼古拉·马尔科
Nikolai Malko, who conducted the premiere,
他在日记中写道
wrote in his diary,
交响乐的历史似乎因为这部交响曲
I feel as if we have started a new page
而翻开了崭新的一页
In the history of symphonic music.
正当肖斯塔科维奇在共产主义苏联
Whilst Shostakovich was quickly picked up
声名鹊起 成为著名音乐家之时
as the musical face of Communist Russia,
身处资本主义美国的查尔斯·艾夫斯
Charles Ives, a composer in capitalist America,
远远地超越了时代
was so ahead of his time,
因此 他的音乐至今仍十分小众
his music still isn't well
艾夫斯生于新英格兰
Born in New England,
他将经常回荡于耳边的
Ives drew on the folk, popular
民谣 通俗音乐 宗教音乐
and church music he heard around him,
以崭新的形式重新整合
putting them together in a new way
创作出诸如《假日交响曲》之类的作品
in pieces like his Holiday Symphony.
这座房子位于康涅狄格州的丹伯里市
This is the house in Danbury, Connecticut,
查尔斯·艾夫斯于1874年在此出生
where Charles Ives was born in 1874.
艾夫斯是作曲家中的另类
Ives is one of history's more eccentric composers.
他是纯粹的美国本土音乐家
A true American original.
年少时的肖斯塔科维奇
While Shostakovich, as a boy,
曾为革命中丧生的人们创作了葬礼进行曲
composed a funeral elegy for victims of the revolution,
艾夫斯的哀乐却是为他的宠物猫所作
Ives composed a funeral elegy for his pet cat,
这首哀乐大受褒赞
and after popular acclamation,
于是他又为邻居家死去的宠物创作了哀乐
wrote other elegies for his neighbours' animals.
查尔斯·艾夫斯就是在这张床上出生的
This is the bed where Charles Ives was born
那天是1874年10月20日
October 20th, 1874.
那把摇椅应该是流传下来的真品
That rocking chair I know is original.
这个物件很特别
And this is very special.
小艾夫斯就曾睡在这个摇篮之内
This is the cradle, and he was laid in that cradle.
我们喜爱的查尔斯·艾夫斯的人生
And that was the beginning of the Charles Ives
就是从这里开始的
that we all know and many of us love.
查尔斯·艾夫斯接受了非常系统的音乐教育
Charles Ives received an impeccable musical education.
他的父亲 乔治·艾夫斯
His father, George Ives,
是一名音乐教师 兼任乐队指挥
was a music teacher and band leader.
乔治·艾夫斯的乐队经常为游行队伍
George Ives' band would play for marches
节日庆祝以及追悼会提供演奏服务
and for holidays, memorial services.
他的乐队被认作丹伯里最好的铜管乐队
He was considered Danbury's brass band.
这是艾夫斯故居的客厅
We're sitting in the parlour
窗外就是这个城市的主干道
and surrounding us is Main Street.
查尔斯·艾夫斯的父亲乔治
And Charles Ives' father, George,
曾是内战中北方联邦军内
who had been the youngest band director
最年轻的乐团指挥
in the Union Army in the Civil War,
那时他经常召集在社区乐团中演奏的
he used to rehearse the kids and the adults
孩子与成人进行排练
who played in these community bands,
在小山丘来来回回 上上下下地行进
and they would march back and forth up and down the hill.
这条大街上的发生的一切 事无巨细
And Charles Ives absolutely absorbed everything
都对查尔斯·艾夫斯产生了深远影响
that happened on Main Street.
今晚我们演奏的曲目叫作《假日快步舞曲》
The piece we're playing tonight is called Holiday Quickstep,
这是查尔斯·艾夫斯的早期作品之一
one of the very first things that Charles Ives wrote.
他创作这首乐曲时 年仅17岁
He was 17 years
这么年轻就写出如此高水平的作品实属不易
It's quite well constructed for somebody that young.
这部乐曲还是相当优秀的
It's a nice piece of music.
直到35岁左右
Charles Ives was in his mid
艾夫斯才创作了他的《第二交响曲》
when he composed his Second Symphony,
而之后的十年中
a decade before
他完成了更具激情的《假日交响曲》
his more radical Holiday Symphony.
《第二交响曲》完成于1909年
Completed in 1909,
但直至1951年才进行了首演
it didn't get its first performance until 1951,
由伦纳德·伯恩斯坦指挥
with Leonard Bernstein conducting.
他很有远见
He was an incredible visionary.
他不断尝试 找寻具有美国特色的美感
He wanted to try and find a sort of American beauty,
希望能找到一种
one that would represent to him
能够代表他的祖国和人民的风格
the voice of his people and his land.
他想创作一部欧洲式的交响曲
He wanted to write a European symphony
其中各个乐章的规模 比例及色彩
with the movements corresponding roughly
都大致仿照欧洲典型的交响曲
to the scale and proportions and colours of a European model,
但其中的素材 却全是美国式的旋律
but he wanted all the material to be American tunes...
他想向世人证明 美国在这方面也能有所成就
To prove that America could hold its head high
且创作出的作品能与贝多芬 勃拉姆斯
and do something that was worthy of Beethoven and Brahms
以及其他交响乐前辈们相媲美
and all the others that had come before.
他在创作生涯初期模仿了欧洲式交响乐
Although he took the European symphony as his starting point,
但艾夫斯绝非完全被动地
Ives certainly wasn't slavish
膜拜与套用欧洲的传统
in his admiration for that tradition.
他曾说 在堪萨斯州的麦田中度过一天
You can learn more from a day in a Kansas wheat field,
胜过在欧洲待上三年
he once said, Than three years in Europe.
而当他的父亲告诉他
And when told by his father
交响曲的起止音符往往一致时
that a symphony generally finished in the same key it started in,
他答道 这简直愚蠢至极
he replied that was just as silly
就跟人必须死在自己出生的那栋房子里一样蠢
as having to die in the same house you were born in.
他不想依靠音乐谋生
He didn't want to make his living with music because
因为如果他需要用音乐挣钱
if he had to make a living in music,
作品就必须能卖出去
he had to be able to sell what he wrote.
而他并无意用自己的创作迎合你我
And he had no intention of having to write to cater to your taste
或任何其他人的品味
or to my taste or anybody's taste.
对他而言 更重要的是
It was more important to him
创作出有朝一日或许会受欢迎的音乐
to write music that maybe people would like someday.
没错 人人都想受欢迎
Sure, everybody likes to be liked.
但他并不十分在意
But he didn't really care.
所以他做了什么呢 他去卖保险了
So what did he do instead? He went and he sold insurance.
事实上 他靠着卖保险成为百万富翁
As a matter of fact, he became a millionaire selling insurance,
从而彻底无需为推销自己的音乐担心
and in doing that, he didn't have to worry about selling his music.
艾夫斯的试验主义有很大一部分源自其父
Much of Ives' experimentalism came directly from his father,
他训练艾夫斯时 会同时用两个不同的曲调
who, amongst other things, got him to sing and play the piano
唱歌和弹钢琴
in two different keys at the same time.
他父亲的另一项试验
One of his father's experiments
也令查尔斯·艾夫斯兴趣十足
that I know Charles Ives was really interested in,
这是有文件可考的
because it's well documented.
他父亲安排一支乐队
His dad had one band
从圣彼得教堂出发 沿着主干道演奏
march out of St Peter Church on Main Street.
另一支乐队则从里奇菲尔德出发
And then he had another band coming from Richfield
两支乐队相向而行
and they were marching the opposite direction
演奏两首不同的乐曲
playing two different pieces of music.
在查尔斯·艾夫斯的作品中
And the effect of the two different pieces of music,
两首不同乐曲同时演奏的影响处处可见
you can hear it in almost everything Charles Ives later wrote.
至少在美国 他是第一个
He was the first person, certainly in America,
写出在同一时刻出现两支曲调的人
to write two different things going on at the same time.
我发现 有一两部他的作品
One or two of his pieces, I find,
在两位指挥同时工作的时候效果最好
work best when you have two conductors
你必须告诉乐队的一部分
and you say to part of the orchestra,
别看我 看另外那个人
Don't follow me, follow the other guy.
然后你们试着在中点会和
And you somehow try and meet in the middle.
受他让音乐事件重叠
Because he had this idea of overlapping musical events
最终合为一体的思路影响
then finally coming together.
他最喜欢的一些进行曲 流行歌曲
some of his favourite march tunes, popular songs
以及他最喜欢的
and above all, one of his favourites,
《哥伦比亚海洋之珍》
Columbia Gem Of The Ocean.
这首曲子在交响曲末尾
which comes at the end of the symphony
在所有长号齐奏下 磅礴而出
roaring out on all the trombones.
他需要把所有这些引向尾声
So he needs to bring all this to a finale
到高潮处 乐队的不同部分同时演奏
and there's this great moment when three or four tunes are played
三种或四种曲调
by different parts of the orchestra all at the same time.
而所有这些都止于一声轻叹
The farewell gesture is a raspberry.
此处的精髓是
Now the thing about this is
他只写了短短的一个音符 啪
that he wrote a short note Bah
这不和谐的响动就如同一记清脆的耳光
as if it was a slap across the face, with this strange dissonant chord.
在聆听了兰尼·伯恩斯坦
And then I listened to Lennie Bernstein's performance
精彩而富有启发的演出后
which is so wonderful and so inspiring
我被彻底折服了 他将尾音延长
and blow me down, he extended it.
不再是啪 而是啪啦啦
It was like a Bluurgh rather than a Bah
我觉得效果再好不过了
and I think it works best that way.
太棒了
That's great!
回到欧洲 奥匈帝国在一战后走向灭亡
Back in Europe, the Austro-Hungarian empire had imploded in the First World War
维也纳不再是昔日的音乐之都
and Vienna was no longer the musical centre it had been.
交响乐被新的国家继承
The symphony had been taken up by new national voices.
在英国
In Britain,
这片曾被德国人称作音乐荒漠的土地上
the Land without music as the Germans dubbed it,
音乐界在爱德华·埃尔加的作品中迎来新生
the musical world received a new lease of life through the work of Edward Elgar,
他的《第一交响曲》广受欢迎
whose First Symphony was extremely well received,
即使在德国也是如此
even in Germany.
一批新的作曲家如雨后春笋般涌现
A new generation of composers sprang up,
其中就有拉尔夫·沃恩·威廉斯
among them Ralph Vaughan Williams,
他曾就读于我身后的皇家音乐学院
who studied here at the Royal College of Music.
他迫切希望创造出一种国家风格
He felt strongly the need to create a National style,
无论这意味着什么
whatever that might mean.
我们这些英国作曲家
We English composers,
他说 总是在说
he said, Are always saying,
听听瓦格纳 勃拉姆斯
here are Wagner and Brahms,
格里格和柴可夫斯基的作品
And Grieg and Tchaikovsky,
他们多么伟大
what fine fellows they are.
我们也应该回家写几部这样的作品
Let us try and do something like this at home.
他们总是忘记 一旦离开故土
Always forgetting that it will not sound at all
这些音乐就将面目全非
like this when transplanted from its native soil.
当然 他对民谣非常感兴趣
He was passionately interested in folk song, of course,
这个特点贯穿他的音乐
and this permeates his music.
当然 这也为他的一些作品
Although it also, of course,
例如《田园交响曲》 招来地方主义的骂名
led to accusations of parochialism in some of his pieces like the Pastoral Symphony.
很多人都瞧不起20世纪上半叶的一批
Many people dismiss a lot of the romantic English music
英国浪漫主义音乐作品
written in the first half of the 20th century
认为那些都是放牛小调
with the unfortunate label of Cow
我们并不是很理解
we didn't quite understand?'
他会说 去听吧 你会明白的
He would say, Oh, just listen, you'll hear it,
或者 对于能听懂的人再明白不过了
or For those who can hear, I think it's clear.
不管肖斯塔科维奇用意如何
Whatever Shostakovich's intention,
《列宁格勒交响曲》都是令人震撼的
the Leningrad Symphony had an astonishing impact,
不仅仅在俄罗斯
and not just in Russia.
战事越发惨烈
As war raged on,
苏联人把乐谱拍摄在微缩胶片上
the Soviets microfilmed the score
途经德黑兰 然后用美国军舰
and sent it via Tehran and an American naval ship
送往盟友美国
to the US, their ally.
由托斯卡尼尼在纽约无线电城音乐厅指挥
It was conducted by Toscanini at Radio City in New York,
是1942年在美国六十场演出中的首演
the first of 60 performances in America in 1942.
这正是同盟国想要的公开表态
It was just the sort of public gesture the allies wanted.
这是为加利福尼亚州
This is a presentation for
沙漠空军基地的将士们进行的表演
soldiers at a desert airbase in California.
有请贵宾艾薇· 李维诺夫夫人
苏联驻美大使的夫人
我明白你们对我如此热情
I understand that you give me this wonderful welcome
是因为你们要向苏联红军中
because you greet the brave and gallant men and women
英勇的人民致敬
and soldiers of the Red Army in the Soviet Union.
下面有请艾德华·G·罗宾逊
'Also on hand is Edward G Robinson.'
这部作品是一名士兵写的
Now this music was written by a soldier,
一名苏联士兵
a Russian soldier,
他参加过列宁格勒保卫战
one who fought the Siege of Leningrad.
现在他仍在战斗中
And Dmitri Shostakovich is still in it.
这是每年在圣彼得堡涅夫斯基大街
This is the annual veterans parade
举行的老兵游行
along Nevsky Prospekt in St Petersburg,
人们在这里一起纪念并庆祝
when people gather to remember and celebrate
在二战中阵亡士兵的
the heroism and sacrifice
英雄主义和牺牲精神
of those who died in the Second World War.
肖斯塔科维奇在其《列宁格勒交响曲》
Shostakovich's Leningrad Symphony ended, of course,
辉煌的末乐章中
with a triumphant finale
描绘了俄国人民在伟大的卫国战争中
depicting the victory of the people of Russia
所取得的胜利
in the great patriotic war.
我从未像现在这样
As at no time before,
意识到我的作品对于公众的意义
I realised the public significance of my work,
肖斯塔科维奇写道
wrote Shostakovich,
我的努力也没有白费
And my work was not in vain.
音乐为正义贡献了力量
The music helped the struggle for justice.
列宁格勒
Leningrad!
美国著名作曲家阿隆·科普兰
In the US, America's leading composer, Aaron Copland,
被《列宁格勒交响曲》的魅力所吸引
had been impressed by the mass appeal of the Leningrad Symphony,
自己也创作了一部 来庆祝盟军的胜利
and wrote a symphony of his own to celebrate the Allied victory.
《普通人的号角华彩》改编后用于
Copland's Third Symphony incorporates
科普兰《第三交响曲》的末乐章
his Fanfare For The Common Man
他受邀创作这部作品时
which had been commissioned
美国刚刚卷入这场战争
when America first became involved in the war.
这是《普通人的号角华彩》总谱的第一页
Here is the first page of Copland's Fanfare For The Common Man.
即使你不懂音乐 也看得出
Even if you can't read music you see
整页并没有太多音符
there aren't very many notes on the page at all.
而吸引我的地方正是这种对比
And the thing that I love about it is this real juxtaposition,
虽然音符不多
kind of magic, between the austerity on the one hand
但音乐却如施了魔法般宏伟壮观
and the magnificence of the music.
为什么起《普通人的号角华彩》这个名字
Why the title? Why Fanfare For The Common Man?
《普通人的号角华彩》
充分反映了他的平等主义思想
他深知正是那些普通的士兵
将去承载战争所赋予的责任
这是科普兰1960年
This is the house outside New York
在纽约郊外买的住所
that Copland bought in 1960
在这里他度过了人生中最后三十年
and where he spent the last 30 years of his life.
他是个很俭朴的人
He was a man who lived very frugally
一生大部分的时间
and he spent much of his life
都是在纽约市里搬来搬去
moving from apartment to apartment back in the big city.
但他也喜爱这里的安宁
But he was also someone who appreciated the serenity,
与世隔绝以及和大自然的亲密接触
isolation and closeness to nature that he found here.
这套房子很舒适
As comfortable as this house is,
却朴素平凡
it's very unassuming and unpretentious.
它完全不会惹人注意
It's completely unostentatious.
包含了现代主义元素
It has certain modernist touches,
朴素 简洁 实用
kind of frugal, simple, practical.
他的办公桌居于一边
We have his work desk off to the side which is just
桌子是当地农民用谷仓木做成的
wide plank barn wood made by a local farmer.
那就是科普兰工作的地方
And that's where Copland worked.
他一向追求简洁与实用
He was looking for simplicity and practicality
我想这就是他要的
and I think this was it.
科普兰《第三交响曲》成为
Copland's Third Symphony has become
在美国演出最多的交响作品
the most performed of all American symphonies.
可能因为它与《阿巴拉契亚的春天》和
Perhaps because, like his ballets Appalachian Spring
《牧区竞技》一样
and Rodeo,
都富有浓厚的美国风情
it has a distinctly American sound.
这是科普兰发自内心想要的东西
20世纪20年代中期
他意识到美国音乐
when he felt that there was no such thing
并没有自己鲜明的风格
as a recognisably American musical idiom.
他的音乐思维是开放而犀利的
There is something very open and spare about his textures.
他谱写的和弦有一种气势
His chords seem to have a lot of air in them
能表现出
which does convey
美国的幅源辽阔
something of the size and scope of the country.
我常常认为末乐章
I often feel that last movement
不仅是形容大地的
is really about not just the landscape,
而是更强调大地上的建设
but what you build on the landscape.
就像是建设一座前沿都市
It's like building a frontier town.
就如同《西部往事》一样
Like Once Upon A Time In The West.
你在大地上创造的东西才是最重要的
It's what you build on the landscape that matters.
这也是关乎民主的
And it's also about democracy,
德沃夏克很早就提出
it's the old Dvorak idea
要把交响乐大众化
of bringing the symphony to the common man.
把如此粗犷的《普通人的号角华彩》
So it's not for nothing that this Fanfare,
融入末乐章
which has this ruggedness about it,
不是没有意义的
should be built into the last movement.
他用艺术表现平等主义思想
He translated this notion of egalitarianism into his art
一方面用大众化的音乐
by consciously trying to reach a wider audience
吸收更广泛的观众
with works that might be more popular on the one hand,
使其易于接受
more accessible on the one hand,
另一方面
but on the other would still allow him
又使其不失艺术性
to do the kinds of things he wanted to do artistically.
这是在圣彼得堡胜利广场前
This is the monument to the Defenders of Leningrad
为列宁格勒保卫战士兵立的纪念碑
in Victory Square in St Petersburg.
当然 在苏联
Of course, it was in Soviet Russia
交响乐的一大重要职责 便是用来宣扬胜利
that a big victory symphony was expected, indeed required.
人们翘首以待肖斯塔科维奇的
Many people awaited Shostakovich's
《第九交响曲》
Ninth Symphony with eager anticipation
在他们的脑海中 贝多芬《第九交响曲》
and with the fearsome precedent of Beethoven's 9th
是无法超越的
in their minds
他们一定在期待
they must have been looking for something
另一部旷世之作
equally ground-breaking and heroic.
但肖斯塔科维奇《第九交响曲》
But Shostakovich's Ninth Symphony
完全不是官方想要的那种作品
wasn't what the authorities wanted at all.
我想这也是肖斯塔科维奇性格中的一部分
It was part of Shostakovich's personality, I get the feeling,
他觉得自己在人们面前是个小丑
that he was a clown for his people.
或者认为是自己为人们打开了真理大门
Or that he was the person who could open up truths
就像《李尔王》中的愚人
like the fool in King Lear.
他觉得自己
That he saw himself in a way,
一边哭泣 一边说笑
crying and joking at the same time.
巴松管比其它乐器
Now the bassoon is the instrument, better than any other,
更能表现这种讽刺与悲怅
that can express satire and pathos.
这是任何一种管乐器都无法比拟的
No other wind instrument particularly has the ability to change so quickly.
我无法断定这代表什么
可我知道这是哀嚎 是痛哭
当一切言语皆已耗尽
And when this has been exhausted and said,
乐声中止了一段时间
there is a moment of suspension
随后突然间进入末乐章
and we suddenly start the last movement.
这是完全不同的意境
It's in a completely different mood,
完全不同的速度
in a completely different tempo,
好像在说
as if to say,
我只是在开玩笑 事实上一切都好
I was only joking. Actually, everything's fine!
巴松管讽刺的小调
And the sardonic, ironic character of the bassoon little tune,
感觉十分轻佻
which seems so trivial and
好像让我们忘却之前的悲怅
so like trying to banish all the tragedy that we've just shared,
这手法太棒了
is very remarkable.
显然 这与贝多芬《第九交响曲》
And of course it's nothing like
末乐章的宏伟壮观完全不同
the spectacular, grandiose finale of Beethoven's Ninth.
他作出了伟大的尝试 即回归海顿的风格
He did something quite different which was to really go back to Haydn.
表面上看起来轻松愉悦
He wanted to write something that is seemingly light-hearted,
实际上却是非常悲伤的
but really very tragic underneath.
那他想向观众和官方传达什么呢
And what was he trying to say both to his audience and the authorities?
我想从某种意义上讲
I think it's in a way a goodbye
他是在告别德国伟大的交响乐传统
to the great musical symphonic tradition in Germany
那个时代已经终结了
and the feeling that this has now come to an end.
二战结束后
At the end of the Second World War,
德国 曾经的交响乐圣地
Germany, the country which had seen itself as the guardian of the symphonic tradition,
现在却一片废墟
was in ruins.
而肖斯塔科维奇
And here was Shostakovich
正以讽刺的眼光同它告别
looking back at it in a sardonic farewell.
这场战争似乎是最后一个
Certainly the war is virtually the last event
需要用交响乐去演绎的事件
that seems to have demanded a symphonic response.
就在这里 古老的维也纳城
It was here, in the heart of the old imperial city of Vienna,
诞生了辉煌的交响乐
that the notion of a cycle of symphonies,
《第九交响曲》便是典范之作
often ending with that fateful number 9, was born.
但二战之后的维也纳 像柏林一样
But after the Second World War, Vienna, like Berlin,
被划分成四个军事占领区
was divided into four zones of military occupation.
这是位于苏联红军占领区的纪念碑
This is the memorial in the city to the Red Army
这也可能预示着
and this perhaps foreshadows
之后音乐的民主化
the subsequent democratisation of music
及其多元化的发展趋势
and its diversification into many new forms.
在过去的250年
Over 250 years,
我们见证了这段非凡的旅程
we've made an incredible journey,
从宫廷中的一小部分乐师
from small groups of musicians in the palaces of princes
到如今声势浩大的交响乐团
to orchestras more than 100 strong,
作品既有表达个人情感的 也有公共宣言
through works that are both personal and public.
交响乐对于音乐的意义就像
And the symphony has become to music
莎士比亚对于文学的意义
what Shakespeare is to literature,
是一种文化的丰碑
a cultural monument
在新的观念中不断前进
that is continually redeveloped through new interpretations.
时至今日 它仍能使我感到愉悦
It still has the power to enchant,
挑战 和感动
challenge, move me,
在二十一世纪
and, in the 21st century,
它将会影响更广阔的观众
a larger and wider audience than ever before.
想要进一步了解交响乐
To go deeper into the music
并解开其中的奥秘
and unravel the secrets of the symphony,
这篇影评有剧透