年轻人的音乐会 Young People's Concerts Leonard Bernstein 抄写
1.What Does Music Mean?
Now we can really understand what the meaning of music is; it's the way it makes you feel when you hear it.
And the most wonderful thing of all is that there's no limit to the different kinds of feelings music can make you have. And some of those feelings are so special and so deep they can't even be described in words.
So you see, the meaning of music is in the music, in its melodies, and in the rhythms, and the harmonies, and the way it's orchestrated, and most important of all in the way it develops itself. Right now, all you have to know is that music has its own meanings, right there for you to find inside the music itself; and you don't need any stories or any pictures to tell you what it means. If you like music at all, you'll find out the meanings for yourselves, just by listening to it.
2.What is American Music？
You can't be nationalistic on purpose.
Think of all the races and personalities from all over the globe that make up our country; and when we think of that we can understand why our own folk music is so complicated. We've taken it all in, French, Dutch, German, Scotch, Scandinavian, Italian, and all the rest, and learned it from one another, borrowed it, stolen it, cooked it all up in a melting pot. So what our composers are finally nourished on, is a folk music that is probably the richest in the world, and all of it is American, in spirit, whether its jazz, or square-dance tunes, or cowboy songs, or hillbilly music, or rock and roll, or Cuban mambas, or Mexican huapangos, or Missouri hymn-singing.
3. What is Orchestration?
After all, notes can't wander around naked - they have to dress up in orchestration.
what good orchestration means is orchestration that's exactly right for that music, and lets the music be heard in the clearest and most effective way.
I'm sure you all know the famous flute solo at the beginning of Debussy's "Afternoon of a Faun".Debussy knew what he wanted - or more exactly he knew what his music wanted, what the music demanded, and that meant the flute, with its sweet, pale, airy sound.
I don't know if you see colors when you hear music, but lots of people do. I know I always do.
You're always hearing about the woodwind family, with Mama clarinet, and Grandfather bassoon. And little sister piccolo, and big sister flute, and uncle English horn, and auntie oboe.
Quartet Quintet sextets octets 四五六八重奏
4. What Makes Music Symphonic?
not just hearing a bunch of tunes, or exciting sounds made by a big orchestra, but as a whole process of growing, which is the most important thing to be able to hear in any piece of music.
development ： But what does development mean in music? The same thing as it means in life; great pieces of music have a lifetime of their own from the beginning to the end of any piece; and in that period all the themes and melodies and musical ideas the composer had, no matter how small they are, grow and develop into full-grown works, just as babies grow into big, grown-up people.
repetition ： repetition is just a baby way of developing
variation ： The first step toward real developing is in the idea of variation. all variation is another kind of repetition, only it's not exact repetition. Something has to get changed.
Sequence (模进) ： All a sequence does is to repeat any series of notes at a different pitch.
imitation—— counterpoint （对位）：more than one melody at a time. —— canon
breaking down （分解）： there is also a way of developing that builds up by breaking down
descending fourths 下行四度音程
augmentation, twice-as-slow（放慢两倍）的另一种说法
That's what makes Brahms so great; because with him music doesn't just change, it changes beautifully. The trick is not just to use all these different ways of developing music, but to use them when it's right to use them, at the moment so that the music always makes sense as musical expression, as feeling, as emotion. That's hard to do and that's what Brahms could do like nobody's business.
That you'll be able to hear the symphonic wonders of it, the growth of it, the miracle of life that runs like blood through its veins and connects every note to every other note, and makes it the great piece of music that it is.
5. What is Classical Music?
This means that what people call classical music can't be changed, except by the personality of the performer. This music is permanent, unchangeable, exact. Now, there's a good word - exact - maybe that's what we should call this kind of music instead of classical, we could call it exact music. Because there's only one way it can be played, and that way has been told us by the composer himself.
The people of Haydn and Mozart's time thought Bach was old fashioned and boring with all those fugues and things. And they wanted something new - not so complicated - with pretty tunes and easy accompaniments, music that was elegant and refined and pleasant.
Where Haydn made a sweet little joke, to be told in a living room, Beethoven makes jokes that are world-shaking, that have to be told in the middle of a raging storm. Where Haydn made amusing surprises, Beethoven makes astonishing surprises that leave you gasping, instead of smiling. Where Mozart was gay, Beethoven is crazy with joy. It's like looking at classical music through a magnifying glass - it's all much, much bigger. The main thing Beethoven added to classical music was much more personal emotion; his emotions are bigger, and easier to see.
Now that we call romanticism; and that's the name we give to the music, most of it, that was written in the hundred years after Beethoven. It means being very free with your emotions, not so reserved and proper and shy, but telling your deepest feelings right away without even thinking if you should or not. Let's see if I can give you an example. If I'm introduced to a lady named Miss Smith, let's make it a girl named Miss Smith, and I said, "How do you do, Miss Smith? I'm very happy to make your acquaintance" - then I'm being classical; proper, elegant, refined - I'm obeying the rules. But if I say "How do you do, what gorgeous eyes you have, I love you" - then I'm being a romantic. I'm expressing my feelings right away, unashamed; I'm full of fire and passion, and I don't care who knows it.
I guess you could say that he（ Beethoven ） was a classicist who went too far; he was so full of feeling and emotion that he couldn't keep himself chained up in all those rules and regulations of the 18th century; and so he just broke his chains, and started a whole new kind of music. And that was the end of classical music.
6. Humor in Music
https://www.leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/humor-in-music
7.What is a Concerto?
Concerto, which in Italian means a concert.
Sonata mean a piece for any solo instrument.A sonata for a whole orchestra is called a symphony.And a symphony that features a soloist, or a little group of soloists, separate from the big orchestra group, is called a concerto.
Bartok's Concerto for Orchestra. This is modern music at its very best, and it's also the most democratic concerto ever written --because it's a concerto for a hundred soloists.
8.Who is Gustav Mahler?
When Mahler is sad, it is a complete sadness; nothing can comfort him, it's like a weeping child. And when he's happy, he's happy the way a child is--all the way. And that's one of the keys to the Mahler puzzle: He is like a child; his feelings are extreme, exaggerated.
We have talked about three of his great inner battles: the fight between the conductor and the composer; the fight between the happy young nature lover and the tragic, tormented grown up; and, finally, the fight between the smart grown-up and the innocent child.
马勒的双面性：又是作曲家又是指挥家，开心和悲伤，成人和小孩，简单和复杂的配器，波西米亚人吸收东西欧甚至中国文化，浪漫主义的结束和现代音乐的起始。
9.Young Performers No. 1 "Peter and the Wolf"
10. Unusual Instruments of the Past, Present, and Future
11. The Second Hurricane (A Play Opera in Two Acts By Aaron Copland)——无视频
https://www.leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/second-hurricane
12.Overtures and Preludes
the overture — that wonderful piece that gets you ready, that sets the moods, that starts your musical blood going.
a prelude is usually shorter than an overture; and it usually doesn't have different parts - slow parts and faster parts . A prelude is all in one, all the same tempo, either slow or fast or middlinq.
It's like looking at a painting, only with looking with your ears instead of your eyes. ——Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun.
13. Aaron Copland Birthday Party
Aaron Copland's OUTDOOR OVERTURE.—— those athletic marchy rhythms, and those long melodies filled with fresh air and light.
It's as if Aaron Copland were saying, "This is what I have to say, and I don't care if you agree with me or not." ——看美国运动员的花滑表演也是这种风格，我自己开心就行。
And so I take tremendous personal pleasure in welcoming to this podium a great composer, a dear person, a true friend to youth, one who has guided and encouraged so many young people; including myself when I was just starting out. My thanks, our thanks, the thanks of all musicians and music-lovers all over the country, and all over the world. Happy birthday, Aaron Copland!
（不用代表谁谁，也可以很真诚地表达敬意和感谢。）
COPLAND - EL SALON MEXICO
COPLAND - Our Town ，music for movies
14. Folk Music in the Concert Hall
the Hungarian language has a strange thing about it: almost all the words in it are accented on the first syllable.
French is a language that has almost no strong accents at all: almost every syllable is equal — not in length, but in stress, in accent.
Italian, for instance, is famous for its long beautiful vowels . Spanish, on the other hand, doesn't linger so much on the vowels; the consonants（辅音） are more important.
German is a very heavy language, with long words, and very long combinations of sounds.
15. What Is Impressionism?
The power of suggestion is often much stronger than a straight order. That's because it's deeper, it's more subtle; those hints can creep into a deeper part of your mind than a simple command can. So that was the idea that all impressionist artists had in mind, it was a French idea, that in art you can make a deeper effect by suggestion than you can by realistic description.
Debussy's great tone-painting
Debussy was always searching for new colors, new sounds, and so he used every unusual kind of scale .
whole-tone scales 全音音阶
德彪西用bitonality /ˌbaɪtəʊˈnælɪtɪ/ （双调性）制造模糊音色
Bitonality, music played in two different keys at once.
the accompaniment is in one key, and then the tune is in another key. the two keys make a strange, beautiful impressionistic sound, sort of dark and passionate.
16. The Road to Paris
The great line of German and Austrian music from Bach all the way to the Strauss seemed somehow complete in 1900, finished. And the new French composers who then began attracting such attention in the early 1900's seemed like a promise of new hope, new sounds, a new way of writing and thinking about music.
Gershwin 的作品根植于爵士，但是巴黎的阳光让这些根叶生长。
https://www.leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/road-to-paris
17. Happy Birthday, Igor Stravinsky
彼得鲁什卡：一个拥有“人心”的木偶
Musicians always refer to this combination of C major and F-sharp as the "Petrouchka sound." It
has become the most famous example of bitonality in all music.
18. The Sound of a Hall
reverberation 混响
If I yell (LOUD) "hello," and you then hear an answering (SOFT) "hello," you are hearing an echo; but if I yell (LOUD) "hello," and you then hear (SOFT) "o-o-o" dying away in the hall, then it's not echo, but reverberation.
liveliness， warmth， intimacy，clearness ，blend，brilliance，texture
https://www.leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/sound-of-a-hall
19. What Is a Melody?
After all, melody is the singing side of music, just as rhythm is the dancing side. But the most important thing about a tune is that usually it is complete in itself -- that is, it seems to have a beginning, middle and end, and leaves you feeling satisfied -- in other words, it's a song.
counterpoint 对位
counterpoint, motives, repetition, a theme in the bass, a theme in the middle, the 1-2-3 method, remember.
https://www.leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/what-is-melody
20. The Latin American Spirit
21. Tribute to Teachers
Teaching is probably the noblest profession in the world — the most unselfish, difficult, and honorable profession. It is also the most unappreciated, underrated, underpaid, and underpraised profession in the world.
to honor all the great teachers on earth who work so hard to give young people a world that is a better, richer, and more civilized place.
22. The Genius of Paul Hindemith
23. Jazz in the Concert Hall
古典： MUSIC IS BEING MADE—DO NOT ENTER.
爵士： MUSIC IS BEING MADE—COME ON IN.
Jazz is PEOPLE!
24. What is Sonata Form?
A sonata is a piece, usually in several movements, that has a certain basic musical form; and when that form is used in a piece for a solo instrument, like a piano, or violin or flute, or a solo instrument with piano accompaniment, the piece is called a sonata.
交响曲就是为管弦乐队而写的奏鸣曲。
When the same form is used in a piece for three instruments, it's called a trio; and for four instruments, it's called a quartet; for five, a quintet, and so on. But when this form is used in a piece for a full orchestra, it's called a symphony. Simple. A symphony is merely a sonata for orchestra.
和奏鸣曲（器乐）对应的是康塔塔（声乐）。 This word sonata originally meant simply a piece of music. It comes from the Latin word sonare, to sound; so a sonata is anything that is sounded by instruments, as opposed to a cantata, which is anything that is sung (from the Latin word, cantare, to sing).
奏鸣曲式的秘密：平衡和对比。Balance and contrast—in these two words we have the main secrets of the sonata form. Its perfect three-part balance, and the excitement of its contrasting elements.
流行歌曲的ABA形式，其实就是sonata form的延伸，重复了A段，变成AABA。
奏鸣曲式ABA的结构，就像（伦敦）塔桥一样，塔-桥-塔，就像鼻子在两只耳朵中间。伯恩斯坦的比喻真是让人印象深刻的深入浅出。
Most pop tunes stick to this A-B-A pattern very strictly. The only difference is that usually the first A-section is repeated right away, before the B-section comes; so that the pattern is really A-A-B-A.
主音像磁石，去到哪最后都把你拉回来。That tonic is like a magnet; you can pull away from it, going to all kinds of other chords,other keys, or tonal centers; but in the end the tonic always pulls you back.
Anyone can enjoy a tune or a rhythm, that's easy. To enjoy the form of a piece of music is much harder. Then you have to be a real music listener. But a real music listener can see or hear the form of a piece just as clearly as a person can see the three-part form of a bridge.
美国人的教育方式就是，遇到复杂、困难的东西，先从心理上和事实上给你减负担、降难度，告诉你这没什么难的，不过是一堆“长词”，我来手把手解释给你听，你别怕。真是友好而贴心，仿佛是教你的人比你更生怕你不懂。
感觉伯恩斯坦是在用特别欣赏你的眼光在教你，绝对地众生平等。 Now, confident that you are all new experts on the subject of sonata form.
25. A Farewell to Nationalism
the most famous of all nationalistic tone-poems, 'The Moldau,' by the Bohemian composer Smetana.
26. A Tribute to Sibelius
西贝柳斯的 D大调第2号交响曲 ：For many people all over the world, the Second Symphony carries the meaning of freedom—the triumph over oppression.
27. Musical Atoms: A Study of Interval
音程横向走成为旋律，纵向排列成为和声。 intervals work both ways: they work horizontally, you see that, which means melodically one note going to another, and vertically which means harmonically at the same time.
https://www.leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/musical-atoms
28. The Sound of an Orchestra
the sound of a great orchestra is one that can change, at will from one composer's style to another, from Haydn to Brahms to Debussy to Stravinsky. Anything else is a sin of pride.
the way "soft" is written down in music, is by the letter p, which stands for piano (that's the Italian word for soft). And likewise, the Italian word for loud being forte, a composer indicates loudness by writing the letter f.
if the general dynamic is p, for the whole phrase, and the sf applies to one note only, then that accent has to be made in terms of softness, not loudness.
法式音乐： thin, transparent, delicate
德式音乐： Rich, strong, full
美式音乐： direct，strong, casual，rhythm- which is not just a string of equal notes, but slightly unequal.
波普艺术： pop art
29. A Birthday Tribute to Shostakovich
that is a typical Shostakovich sound—broad, noble, proud, songful, rich with feeling.
艺术家和作品差别多么大 that's one of the most fascinating things about artists—how different they can be, as people, from the art they create.
30. What Is a Mode?【变彩电了！！】
you can always get a major or a minor scale by following the proper arrangement of intervals.
Now don't let that throw you: Keep calm, sit back, and let's quietly find out just what this Dorian mode is, and why it sounds so special.
they're much easier to understand than their names are to pronounce.
the Dorian mode 多利亚调式 从D开始只按白健到下一个D 古老、遥远、东方的感觉 小调
To find the Dorian mode on your piano, all you have to do is to start on the note D and play only white notes all the way up to the next D, and you've got it. Simple. And that's true of all the other church modes as well—they're all to be found by starting on a given white note and making a scale up using white notes only. Isn't that lucky? And we're particularly lucky with the Dorian mode, because it starts on D, and D is the first letter of the word Dorian! So you have no excuse for forgetting how to find this mode on your piano: Dorian, capital D, note D, white notes all the way up.
Dorian mode is almost like an ordinary minor mode, but not quite. And that not quite is what makes the big difference, and that difference gives the music a certain ancient, primitive, Oriental feeling. timeless, brooding, ancient, far-off quality,
the Phrygian mode 弗利几亚调式 半音开头 悲伤 小调
start on E, again you play white notes up to the next E,
It is the only mode that begins with a step of a halftone; that is, from the first note, E, to the second note, F, is a mere half step. And that gives the music a specially sad quality, which can be heard in so much Spanish and Hebrew and gypsy music.
the Lydian mode 大调 喜剧效果（ comic effects ）也可以很严肃 波兰民歌常用调式
begins on F and uses only white notes all the way up the octave.
比F大调的第四个音高半音
Poland is one of the main breeding grounds for this Lydian mode. You constantly hear it in Polish folk music and in the works of Poland's greatest composer, who was Chopin, of course, especially when he was writing Polish-type nationalistic dance pieces, like polonaises and mazurkas.
the Mixolydian mode 混合利第亚调式 大调
begins on G and rises up though the octave on the white notes.
比G大调的第七个音低半音
most of the jazz and Afro-Cuban music and rock-and-roll tunes we hear owe their very existence to this old Mixolydian mode.
that lowered seventh tone makes a jazz sound
the Aeolian mode 爱奥尼亚调式
the Aeolian mode (which luckily starts on A, making it easy to remember) is almost like our normal minor scale using all the white notes;
the Locrian mode 洛克利亚调式
there is almost no music written in it. You see the Locrian mode is strangely unsatisfying, it doesn't seem to be conclusive, mainly because the tonic chord you get from it is terribly unsettled and inconclusive.See what I mean? So hello and goodbye to the Locrian mode.
the Ionian mode 伊奥尼亚调式
【笔者注】
1、Ionian Mode（伊奥尼亚调式——自然大调音阶）：1、2、3、4、5、6、7 。[aiˈəunjən]
2、Dorian Mode（多利亚调式）：1、2、b3、4、5、6、b7。[ˈdɔriən]
3、Phrygian Mode（弗利几亚调式）：1、b2、b3、4、5、b6、b7。[ˈfridʒiən]
4、Lydian Mode（利底亚调式）：1、2、3、#4、5、6、7。[ˈlidiən]
5、Mixolydian Mode（混合利第亚调式）：1、2、3、4、5、6、b7。[mɪksə'lɪdɪən]
6、Aeolian Mode（爱奥尼亚调式———自然小调式）：1、2、b3、4、5、b6、b7 。[i:'əʊlɪən]
7、Locrian Mode（洛克利亚调式）：1、b2、b3、4、b5、b6、b7。[ˈləukriən]
https://www.leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/what-is-a-mode
31. Charles Ives: American Pioneer
美国人对先锋精神的尊重真是深入骨髓，比起来中国确是墨守成规的民族。 you must remember that Ives was both a genius and a pioneer — two kinds of people who always seem to have a touch of madness — and it's a good kind of madness. Think of our Early American pioneers: weren't they just a bit mad to go trekking westward across a wild continent, exposing themselves to Indians, bandits, hunger and storms? Well, Ives was very much like them. He was an adventurer, too — a musical pioneer. Nothing could stop him.
But really to understand Ives, or any adventurer for that matter, we must remember that the spirit of adventure is just another way of saying the spirit of play, the sporting instinct — doing things simply for the fun of doing them.
这场游行虎头蛇尾地结束了，就像一枚受潮的爆竹。
This gives a sad sweetness to a lot of Ives' music
all Ives' pieces are dreams, dreams of childhood and a vanished world.
The piece we're going to hear is without doubt his most famous work — The Unanswered Question. I don't know if it's famous enough for you to have heard it, but it's one Ives work that is played and known all over the world. Ives is now dealing with the greatest mysteries of life, asking the age-old question: why do we exist?
Ives was our first great American composer.
But if Ives could pioneer, so can we: it's all in the spirit of adventure，and I'm sure you'll all go along with it.这是冒险精神，我相信你们都会支持的。
32. A Toast to Vienna in 3/4 Time
when we hear a Strauss waltz we are hypnotized by the elastic charm of its phrasing, the teasing lilt of its rhythm, those little hesitations and pauses, those swooning upbeats, and the irresistible momentum of its pulse.
the great composers of Vienna present themselves in three groups. The first (pre-Johann Strauss) is a group of four tremendous names: Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven and Schubert. Incredible names, and these are the patron saints of Vienna, the holy forefathers. And a few decades later began a new period of glory, a new group of four new tremendous names: Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. (No relation to Johann.) And this blessed foursome takes us right up to our own century, and to the latest trio of world-shakers in Vienna: Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern.
33. Forever Beethoven
Still the most fantastic music no matter how often you hear it. ——谈贝五
美国人才敢在解读贝多芬时大谈自由吧。
freedom means being free to make decisions, to determine one's own course. But deciding means choosing and choosing is impossible without rejection.
As you listen now to this essay on liberty, you can understand why Beethoven has always meant so much to us and will continue to. As long as the human race struggles for freedom.
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/forever-beethoven
34. Quiz Concert: How Musical Are You?
人对测试的两种态度 quizzes are funny things: there are people who love them and people who loathe them; to one person you only have to mention the word "quiz" and he runs to the nearest exit: and another person will respond with "Yippee! A game! Can't wait!" I suppose the difference is between those people who are madly eager to show off what they know and those others who are scared at the thought of being exposed as ignorant.
真是照顾你心理的好人，正当你担心自己回答不上他的问题，他告诉你那些问题都是 trick questions 。
或说，美国人不仅不要求标准答案，甚至鼓励你挑战问题/考卷本身。
中国教育是灌输，培养服从，美国教育是呵护，鼓励挑战。
neo-classical：classical in style, modern in treatment
I have one more question to ask you - the most important one of all, and this one is worth five premium points: Did you enjoy it? ——我掏心掏肺地设计了这些问题，希望你们喜欢。
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/quiz-concert
35. Fantastic Variations
这篇讲堂吉诃德交响诗，词汇太难了。
Richard Strauss ' Don Quixote —— This tone poem is probably the most literary piece of music ever written, and in it Strauss gives us a detailed musical picture of this marvelous madman that is almost more vivid than Cervantes' original picture, because of the special power that music has to reach so deeply into us.
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/fantastic-vatiations
36. Berlioz Takes a Trip
French composer Hector Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique, or "fantastic symphony,"
《幻想交响曲》是标题音乐的范例，在早期浪漫主义音乐当中被推崇为最重要及最具代表性的交响曲之一。描绘一个具奔放想像力的艺术家，由于对渺茫的爱情深刻感到绝望，吞食鸦片自杀的故事。
五个独立标题的乐章：
梦与热情 Daydreams – Passions
一场舞会 A Ball
园林美景 Scene in the Fields
断头台进行曲 March to the Scaffold
女巫安息日的夜梦 Dream of a Witches' Sabbath
固定乐思 idee fixe 固定乐思反映执念 obsession——在开头呈上升状，又升到更高，竭力延伸，最后失落地崩塌。
他的天才即是他的鸦片，可以将这些荒诞的幻想转化成音乐。
奇幻、忧伤、惊惧、
It's brilliance without glory--that's the problem. I can't honestly tell you that we have gone through the fires of hell with our hero and come out nobler and wiser, but that's the way with trips, and Berlioz tells it like it is. You take a trip, you wind up screaming at your own funeral.
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/berlioz-takes-a-trip
37. Bach Transmogrified
Bach is always being discovered and dropped and rediscovered.
Fugue in G minor, BWV 578, (popularly known as the Little Fugue), is a piece of organ music written by Johann Sebastian Bach . It is one of Bach's best known fugues and has been arranged for other voices, including an orchestral version by Leopold Stokowski（邀请了真人指挥）.
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/bach-transmogrified
38. Two Ballet Birds
Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake and Stravinsky's Firebird
Swan Lake is both romantic and classical, it's both narrative and abstract.
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/two-ballet-birds
39. Fidelio: A Celebration of Life
Fidelio— one of the most cherished and revered of all operas, a timeless monument to love, life, and liberty, a celebration of human rights, of freedom to speak out, to dissent. It's a political manifesto against tyranny and oppression.
A flawed masterpiece. But still a masterpiece, because when it's good, it's very, very good and when it isn't, it's still pretty wonderful.
David Nadien (1926 – 2014) was an American virtuoso violinist and violin teacher. He was concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic from 1966 to 1970. His playing style, characterized by fast vibrato, audible shifting noises, and superb bow control, has been compared to that of Jascha Heifetz, who is considered by some to be the greatest violinist of all time.美国小提琴家，1966年至1970年任纽约爱乐乐团的首席。
40. The Anatomy of a Symphony Orchestra
讲解曲目： The Pines of Rome Ottorino Respighi
弦乐家族——数量最多
the first violins – sopranos 女高音
the 2nd violins – altos 次高音,女低音
violas – tenors 男高音
cellos – baritones 男中音
basses –basses 男低音
木管家族——solo之星
flute（横着拿）、oboe（朝前拿） – soprano
clarinet – even rangier than the oboe,can go lower and higher, and faster and funnier
bassoon
those are the four basic instruments of the woodwind section - flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon. there are also smaller and larger versions of each one –
There's a small, higher flute called the piccolo.
There is a larger, lower oboe, called confusingly enough, the English Horn.
There's a larger, lower clarinet, called the bass clarinet.
There's a much larger, much lower bassoon, called the double bassoon.
wind instruments are the most often called upon to be the solo stars of the orchestra.
铜管家族：brass——乐队里的大嗓门，每次高潮都少不了他们
Trumpets小号，喇叭
Trombones长号
bass tuba低音大号
French Horn 圆号—— “墙头草”，可以和木管、铜管家族都完美融合 made of brass, considered to be part of the woodwind section
打击乐：the percussion section
headed by the timpani 定音鼓or kettledrums铜鼓
xylophone 木琴
41. A Copland Celebration
讲解曲目： Concerto for Clarinet and string orchestra , a suite from his famous ballet Billy The Kid.
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/copland-celebration
42. Thus Spake Richard Strauss
这集难啊
讲解曲目： Richard Strauss Thus Spake Zarathustra
natural selection自然选择
the survival of the fittest适者生存
43. Liszt and the Devil
When he played the piano, grown men wept and women fainted. 李斯特弹琴，男人哭泣，女人晕厥。
Faust Symphony 浮士德交响曲
这集的聆听挺难的。伯恩斯坦最后关于李斯特和魔鬼的描述，简直像是文学家。
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/liszt-and-the-devil
44. Holst: The Planets
Gustav Holst 古斯塔夫·霍尔斯特 管弦乐组曲《行星组曲》（The Planets）
astrology 占星术
It's a once-in-a-lifetime experience, a real spaced-out trip. ——这句话就像给整套节目作结。
火星——战争使者（征伐之星）（Mars - The Bringer of War）：霍尔斯特是在1914年8月第一次世界大战爆发前夕完成这一乐章的。因此有人认为，这段音乐是对当时迫在眉睫的战争的预言。以紧张的5/4拍弦乐开头，为了营造一种咄咄逼人的气氛，乐队使用一种不常见的演奏技术：用打击乐及弦乐器的弓杆击弦（col legno）。这种蛮横、激昂的渐强节奏型，暗示出军队在行进，给人以一种咄咄逼人的紧迫感。主旋律混乱而又充满压迫感，第二主题则由上低音号和小号对答而组成。【耳熟】
金星——和平使者（和平之星）（Venus - The Bringer of Peace）：与上一乐章凶残的战争音乐形成了鲜明的对比，这一乐章显得格外宁静安谧。它使人想起了一个没有电闪雷鸣、远离战争喧嚣的世外桃源，到处呈现出一派和平安乐的景象。平和的开头，采用了柔和的木管乐器。以独奏号声起头，接着是长笛和单簧管的有序加入，小提琴、竖琴和钢片琴的运用也使得乐曲的主题更加趋于平缓，而长笛和法国号的延音表达蝉鸣，竖琴表现溪水，钢琴和钢片琴表现清泉，小提琴表现情歌。
水星——飞行使者（乘翼信使）（Mercury - The Winged Messenger）：传说中水星是带有翅膀的信使的象征，也是窃贼的保护神。因而，这一乐章的音乐机敏灵活，欢快的急板谐谑曲，也是全曲最短的乐章。同时使用了两件键盘乐器，该章的两个主旋律由6个同样的小片段组成，第一主题轻捷而又俏皮，表示信使忙碌地走家串户，为人类带来福音；第二主题带民歌风格，表现人类欢迎信使的情景。如果将第一旋律分解为强-弱-弱-强-弱-弱，则第二旋律就为强-弱-强-弱-强-弱。
木星——欢乐使者（欢愉之星）（Jupiter - The Bringer of Jollity）：全曲中最恢宏的部分，它体现了宇宙的辽阔与未知的神秘。该乐章也经常被独立拿出来演奏。全乐章内容多变而雄伟，有些部分十分相近，因此可以根据不同的方式将其分为数个篇章。大致上来说可以分为相近的一、三部分和它们之间气势恢宏的第二部分，第一、三部分可以进一步区分出若干小节，乐章的最后使用了定音鼓。【耳熟】
土星——老年使者（耄耋之星）（Saturn - The Bringer of Old Age）：土星也常被单独演奏，开头使用长笛、大管、竖琴营造出两个相互交替的节奏，暗示老年人的步伐。
天王星——魔术使者（梦幻之星）（Uranus - The Magician）：全曲可分为4个片段，首先是辉煌的巴松管作为开始，然后则又转而低迷起来。整个乐章中不断变换着乐器，风格也在激昂和和缓之间转换，以达到扑朔迷离的魔幻效果。
海王星——神秘使者（没有一定的形式特征）（Neptune - The Mystic）：宁静而和缓，充满朦胧感。
https://leonardbernstein.com/lectures/television-scripts/young-peoples-concerts/holst-the-planets
一共45集
